The California Gold Rush

Gold was discovered in California in January of 1848 in the Sierra Nevada foothills. It was discovered on a sawmill owned by a Swiss immigrant by the name of Johann A. Sutter (Foner, 2009). The man who discovered the gold was James Marshall, who was hired by Sutter to help build the sawmill. Sutter urged Marshall to keep the discovery of gold a secret because he was worried about miners taking over his land. Despite Sutter's warning, the news of the discovery of gold quickly spread. Just as Sutter suspected, people rushed and destroyed his land in attempts to find gold. In Hutching's California Magazine from November 1857, Sutter wrote "What a great misfortune was this sudden discovery of gold for me! It has just broken up and ruined my hard, restless, and industrious labors, connected with many dangers of life, as I had many narrow escapes before I came properly established. From my mill buildings I reaped no benefit whatever, the mill stones even have been stolen and sold (The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco)."

The rest of Johann A Sutter's account of the discovery of gold can be found at the following linkl: http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/gold.html

Johann A. Sutter

(From the Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco)

By December of 1848, the discovery of Gold gained national attention and President Polk confirmed the presence of gold before Congress. The discovery of gold created a frenzy and the local towns in Northern California initially became deserted as residents headed to the Sierras in the search for gold. As the news spread about the discovery of gold, people came from all over the world and the population of San Francisco and other nearby towns skyrocketed (Eye Wittness to History). Prior to the gold rush, California had a non-Indian population of 15,000 but by 1860 the non-Indian population of California shot up to 360,000 (Foner 2009). These newcomers to California included European and Australian immigrants, experienced miners from Mexico and South America as well as more than 25,000 Chinese. This influx of cultures from all over the world made San Francisco and it's surrounding towns the most ethnically diverse in the world. Most of these immigrants were men but some brave women followed their husbands in the search for gold. For some who could not strike it rich with gold, they found another opportunity for fortune by selling mining gear and equipment to those with gold fever. Selling mining equipment was an extremely lucrative business. One man by the name of Samuel Brannan, who was also a San Francisco Newspaper publisher who first wrote about the discovery of gold, made nearly 36,000 dollars in three months alone by selling anything and everything needed for  gold mining (PBS American Experience, The Gold Rush).

This photo depicts a woman mining for gold alongside men 

during the early gold rush, which was rare during this era.

(From the California State Library)

This photo depicts Chinese miners working alongside 

Anglo miners at the Auburn Ravine in 1852.

(By J.B. Starkweather, retrieved from shmoop.com/california-gold-rush)

In 1852, the California State Legislature passed the foreign miners tax, under the persuasion of Anglo American miners. This law was designed to place a steep tax of 20 dollars per month on all foreign miners but was mainly imposed on Mexican, South American and Chinese miners. Within one year of the laws passage, an estimated three fourths of Mexican miners left California. The foreign miners that remained faced increasing discrimination and attacks from Anglo American miners (PBS American Experience, The Gold Rush).

Above is the Foreign Miners Tax which was first adopted in 1852.

 This excerpt was taken from the 1861 California State Tax Laws.

(From: Local History Resources of Monterey County)

Despite the frenzy over gold and the dreams of becoming rich, most of the miners left with little more and sometimes even less than they came with. By 1851 the gold on California's surface was mostly gone and what was left required teams of specially equipped mining companies to dig out. The miners that remained were often hired by large mining companies for a weekly pay check. Even at this time there were still large sums of money to be made from gold, an estimated 60 million a year throughout the 1850's, but most of this money went into the hands of corporate investors. The real legacy of the gold rush is not about the money that was made, it is about the transformation of California. California went from a desolate town mainly populated by Native Americans to one that was booming with hundreds of thousands of ethnically diverse newcomers. New cities and towns sprung up all across California. New infrastructure was also being created including roads, schools, shops, churches and even the expansion of the First Transcontinental Railroad (PBS American Experience, The Gold Rush). The gold rush did not make many rich but it made the State of California rich and helped transform it into the prosperous state it came to be in the following decades.


References:

1. Foner, Eric (2009). Give Me Liberty!, An American History. Volume I, Second Seagull Edition

2. PBS online. The American Experience, The Gold Rush. Retrieved from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/

3. Sutter, Johann A. (1857). The Discovery of Gold in California. Hutchings' California Magazine. Retrieved from The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco at: http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/gold.html

4. "The California Gold Rush, 1849". (2003). Eye Witness to History. Retrieved from: http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/californiagoldrush.htm

5. "The Foreign Miners Tax". Race, History and Demographics in Monterey
http://web.me.com/joelarkin/MontereyDemographicHistory/Foreign_Miners.html

6. "Gold Rush". The California State Library. Retrieved from: http://www.library.ca.gov/goldrush/

The Pre Civil War Abolitionist Movement

The pre Civil War abolitionist movement grew out of the age of reform between the 1820s and 1840s in which movements all across the country sprung up against violations of human rights. The antislavery movement before this time, formed mostly by Quakers and African Americans both freed and enslaved, stressed a gradual end to slavery and was much more conservative in their tactics. One antislavery society, the American Colonization Society, even called for slaves to be deported out of the country following their gradual emancipation.

The abolitionist movement became strong in the 1830s and took on an almost militant approach, calling for an immediate end to slavery, which they considered a moral sin as well as a contradiction to the values in the Declaration of Independence. Not only did they want the immediate emancipation of slaves, but they also wanted them to be incorporated into American society as citizens with equal rights. The new abolitionists worked by distributing pamphlets and journals to express their opinions as well as holding meetings and speaking out in public against the atrocities of slavery. In 1831 one of the longest running and most recognized antislavery journals was published. The journal was entitled "The Liberator" and was written by William Lloyd Garrison, an editor and writer for a Massachusetts newspaper. Garrison sparked outrage and controversy, especially in the south, for his outspoken radical stance against slavery. Garrison insisted that "Wherever there is a human being, I see God-given rights inherent in that being, whatever may be the sex or complexion." 

William Lloyd Garrison's Antislavery Journal

"The Liberator" published in 1831

In 1833 the American Anti-Slavery Society was formed by Garrison and close associates of his Lewis and Arthur Tappan, who were prominent New York business men. The Anti-Slavery Society organized meetings, petitions, and publications to be distributed mainly throughout the North in hopes of gaining   awareness and support for their cause. They encouraged the emancipation of slavery through "moral suasion" by appealing to peoples moral concious and using non-violent tactics to accomplish their goals. Some of the groups most well known members included Frederick Douglass, a freed slave, author and public speaker against slavery; Theodore Weld, an outspoken minister who recruited masses to the antislavery movement; and the Grimke sisters, who later went on to be leaders in the early feminist movement. The organization met with great opposition, particularly in the South, and meetings were often disrupted by angry mobs, printing presses used to create antislavery material were destroyed and some outspoken slavery opponents were even killed in the violence. The Anti-Slavery Society also found controversy within its own organization as members became divided by the radical views of Garrison. Garrison not only proposed a seperation of the north from the south but also burned the constitution claiming it to be  a "covenant with the devil".

Poster from 1837 encouraging people to
disrupt an antislavery meeting.

The typically non-violent stance of the abolitionist movement turned violent at the hands of the abolitionist John Brown. In 1856 Brown and his followers attacked a group of proslavery settelers. Shortly there after Brown traveled throughout Canada and the north to gain momentum for a war against slavery. The most famous event John Brown has come to be known for took place in 1859 which was an assault on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia. Brown led a group of 21 men in a seize of Harper's Ferry. Brown and his men were captured or killed shortly after the seize and Brown was put on trial for treason and executed. John Brown became a martyr of the abolitionist movement, and particularly respected among Black leaders for sacraficing his own life in the name of social justice.

John Brown and his men at the raid on Harper's Ferry.

The abolitionist movement drew to an end in the 1860s with the election of President Abraham Lincoln. In 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which called for the end of slavery within the United States and declared those who owned slaves to be in "rebellion against the United States". This proclamation was not able to end slavery on its own and was later supported with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. The Amendment stated that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction"(ourdocuments.gov). The passage of the 13th Amendment was a major victory for the abolitionist movement and Garrison and his supporters declared mission complete for the American Anti-Slavery Society.

The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution

Sources:

1. Foner, Eric (2009). Give Me Liberty!, An American History. Volume I, Second Seagull Edition

2. PBS online. Africans In America. Part IV Abolitionism. Retrieved from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4narr2.html


3. New York State Archives. Civil Rights Heading of the Liberator. Retrieved from: http://iarchives.nysed.gov/dmsBlue/viewImageData.jsp?id=1585


4. The Library of Congress (2010). Abolition: The African-American Mosaic. Retrieved from: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam005.html


5. Our Documents. 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865). Retrieved from: http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=40

Module 4) Primary Sources for Irish Immigration in the 1800s

1. Letter written in 1818 by John Doyle who emigrated to the United States from Ireland. The letter can be found at: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5798/

This letter was written to John Doyle's wife back in Ireland to whom he describes his new life in the United States. John Doyle emigrated to the US the same year this letter was written, in 1818. Most Irish immigrants came to the US between the 1840-50s to escape the Irish Potato Famine. However, just like the later immigrants, John Doyle was escaping great economic hardship and oppression in his native land of Ireland. In this letter he admits that there is a large number of impoverished Americans but he states that it does not compare to the suffering in Ireland. For example he writes, "but none of the real actual poverty and distress which is in all parts of Ireland." In this letter John Doyle writes that he is actually living relatively well in the United States and has even saved enough money to make a deposit in the bank. For the most part the letter is upbeat although he briefly talks negatively about his father's friends (his father emigrated to the US 17 years prior) and mentions how he deeply misses his wife. I have very little reason to question John Doyle's honesty or sincerity in this letter although he may be overly optimistic about his new life so that he does not worry his wife back in Ireland.

2. Poor Pat Must Emigrate: http://www.hsp.org/files/poorpatmustemigratelyrics.pdf

This is an Irish Ballad that was published in NY probably between 1864 and 1877, during the great wave of Irish immigration to the US. This song describes the distress in Ireland during the 1800s which caused many Irish to seek a better life in the United States. This song has a sad undertone as it describes the oppression Ireland faced from England and suffering and plight of the Irish people during this time period. Although the song refers to Ireland endearingly, it makes it clear that life there is no good. Therefore, although the song writer loves Ireland and has a lot of pride in his native country, he also recognizes the need to seek a better life for himself in the US. For example, he writes "With spirits bright and purses light, my boys we can no longer stay, For the shamrock is immediately bound for America,
For there is bread and work, which I cannot get in Donegal." This song was probably written for other Irish American immigrants during this time period and it almost seems like the author wants to create a sense of pride and unity for his people now living in the United States.

Sources:

1. Journal of the American Irish Historical Society. 12 (1913), 201-204

2. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 19th Century Irish Immigration. Retrieved from: http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=448